The Mechanics of Wing Chun Punching.
An equation which gets thrown around rather a lot in my experience of wing chun is that Force = Mass x Acceleration. While I believe it is not as simple as that, with regards to fighting, the basic idea still holds true. For more power, you need more speed, and more ‘mass’, or substance. As the speed of an object increases, so, relatively, does its mass. So to put it simply, to punch effectively we need speed and bodyweight. However, correct punching can generate power that surpasses what you would expect from your own bodyweight.
To achieve acceleration, we need to relax.
Unnecessarily tensed muscles really cramp your speed; as I once heard it “Driving with the handbrake on.” In fact, the less muscle you use, the better. Some may disagree with this point, but I find it helps in my training. The less we use muscle, the more we can focus and accelerate, and allow our bodies intrinsic energy to permeate our every movement.
To increase the substance in our punching, we need, as well as speed, coordination and focus. Coordination allows us to effectively utilise the whole of our mass or bodyweight in each punch and in order to do that, we need to focus. Stepping and punching is the perfect example of this. When performed correctly, our punching power is greatly increased, feeling natural and powerful. But when we do it incorrectly, which happens all the time in training, the punch feels uncoordinated and jerky. We must focus to achieve the feeling of natural and easy power in every strike. A higher level of this is achieving the same power when stationary and punching as when stepping and punching. This is a kind of mental projection, where we focus and coordinate our whole body into the strike without actually moving anything but the arm. This is a very high level of focus however.
I don’t pretend to be a physics expert, so my interpretation of some of these theories may well be incorrect, but the message behind it is more important. Another rule which is relevant to wing chun and combat in general is that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This explains why, when you lean on a wall, you don’t fall into the wall. You push on the wall, the wall pushes back. Just as when we walk, we don’t sink into the floor. The mass your foot projects into the floor is reflected back onto your foot, and we stay upright. Now lets slowly move the analogy closer to punching. If you took a pole and placed one end on a wall and one in your hands and pushed, you would push yourself backwards. Unless you are very strong, the wall will always reflect your own force back onto you. Now, in this illustration, the pole you are using to push yourself off the wall represents you punching with a very tense arm. Of course this is greatly exaggerated, but the point is this: as soon as your arm meets a force it cannot overcome, if you are tense, you will push yourself off, or bounce off. You must have noticed in training whilst doing chi sau with somebody much more experienced than yourself that if you try a particular technique which is unsuccessful, you will have the feeling of bouncing off, rebounding, while they stay grounded and stable. This is because their body is more relaxed, coordinated and experienced at absorbing force than yours. The key here is relaxation… only through relaxed muscles can force be effectively neutralised. Again, the basic point here is that you must stay relaxed whilst punching.
The human body is more sensitive in a relaxed state. In punching, if you stay relaxed, and your punch is intercepted, you will find it much easier to roll into something else and continue to the target. From the other perspective, in a defensive mode, if your arms are tense, it will be easy for your opponent to slide up them to a target on your centre line. Imagine when you are training on the dummy, how easy it is to make contact on the rigid arms and slide up to the target. A relaxed arm however will follow yours and make it much harder to get to the target.
The biceps, the pectorals and the shoulder are all muscles that you should really avoid using in punching. The biceps’ function is to close the angle of the arm at the elbow, whereas in punching, we are extending the angle. Using the bicep, you are fighting yourself. The pectorals are also quite unnecessary in punching. Again, many may disagree, but try it. Hold your left hand on your right pectoral, about where it joins your shoulder. Now punch slowly with the right hand. You will feel it become rigid. Try a few times, but each time, concentrate on relaxing that muscle more and more. You will realise that it slows you down and also does not really perform any useful function in punching and is thus a waste of energy. The shoulder has to be especially relaxed, otherwise your arm will not be free to rotate and change should resistance be met. You will also feel the ‘equal and opposite’ reaction much more when the shoulder is tense. Here is another analogy: imagine a man made out of metal, with a simple structure. His body is one upright metal pole, stuck in the ground. His arms are two poles, joined to the body by two ball bearing joints (the shoulders). Let’s say we want to push him over. We take his arm and push it. If the ball bearing joint, representing the shoulder, is well oiled (relaxed), then we will not be able to affect the body. Any force we apply to the arm will be instantly released at the shoulder before it can affect the body. Now, imagine the ball bearing joint is rusty and glued together, representing a tense shoulder area. As soon as we push on the arm, the force gets caught up at the shoulder, is transferred into the body, and if the body is not well rooted on the ground, we can easily push it over.
My final point is that when we punch, we should be aiming to hit with the knuckles in the best alignment with the elbow. There are something like 26 small bones in the human hand, and at every join we are losing force as it dissipates and transfers between bones. This is why palm strikes are often considered more powerful. The best knuckles I find to use however are the bottom three, as these are in a line with your elbow. Hope you found this helpful!
End note : all of this information really comes from my instructors, my master, and his master, so thank you to them, who shall all remain nameless and thus avoid any unwanted publicity!
This article raises some interesting points; I was wondering who wrote it? Where was it found?
Escrito por John Kang a las December 7, 2003 07:14 AMi wrote it! i am a student of susana ho, who is a student of chu shong tin.
Escrito por water a las December 7, 2003 07:49 AMnice article, I agree with your ideas :D
Where do you train? what country? I had never heard of chu shong tin, it would be cool if you posted your lineage to see how we relate :)
My lineage is:
Yip Man-Moy Yat-Moy Tung-Moy Yat Tung-Rob Burns-Me
Escrito por Roge a las December 7, 2003 02:53 PMwater-- thank you for sharing your article. I have heard a lot of great things about Susanna Ho. And of course, Chu Shong-Tin, the King of the Siu Nin Tao, is one of the last of Grandmaster Yip Man's senior-most students.
My own view (also as a non-physics expert) is that through relaxation, MORE mass goes forward. This is because muscles work by contracting, therefore half of the mass of a muscle in use will go in one direction while the other half goes in the opposite direction (i.e., they are pulling toward each other). If you can completely relax that muscle, then it becomes deadweight which just goes forward. In Wing Chun punching, I would say you want to mainly engage the tricep and anterior deltoid muscles while letting your bicep be as relaxed as possible. I would consider this to be an aspect of "economy of motion."
Of course, relaxation is only only one aspect of the punching equation. Alignment connects your arm to your body to your horse to the ground-- not just to the elbow. If your elbow is out laterally, you can still line up your knuckles; but you would you end up using more bicep and your body is not behind the punch.
And then, alignment means nothing without ooting. To use your example of Newton's 3rd law, regarldess of whether your are relaxed or tense, there will be force pushing in the opposite direction of your punch. If you are poorly rooted, then you will get pushed backward by that force and some of your own energy will therefore be dissipated. By rooting yourself, the ground keeps you from getting knocked backward and less energy is dissipated. Therein is the Wing Chun saying "Power Comes From the Ground" (力從地起).
However, the enigma is the power of slow punches. I direct you to read up on Sifu Ken Chung (Yip Man-->Leung Sheung-->Ken Chung), who can hit you with complete relaxation and without any speed whatsoever yet knock you back several feet. I know from personal experience :P
Escrito por john kang a las December 8, 2003 04:43 AMthanks for the excellent feedback. i have read alot about ken cheung sifu and his soft force of wing chun. i agree with many of his ideas. it is good to see wing chun consistantly good around the world instead of consistantly incorrect.
thanks for the input!
Escrito por water a las December 8, 2003 08:22 AMThis really does not have anything to do with this article, i just wanted to say how cool it is to see so many "different" VT/WC/WT kung fu practisioners being open enough to conversate on the simularities and differences within their families. I've seen so many martial arts instructors that have a close minded approach that their way is the only way, and do not take the feelings and ideas of others. It is really cool to see people share ideas and knowledge from one to the other. I know I, and some other of my kung fu brother are looking at "other" forms of chi sao. I am very interested in the different ideas, and hope to come across some other forms of chi sao. So that i could feel the energy of the hands, because it looks very different to me (this is of John Kang's website, sorry to point you out John but a friend informed me of the clips on your site recently and it was the only family i could think of at the moment) but things that look different do not always feel different. I know i have been opened to other ideas thanks to this website and the people who attend it.
Thanks for the good kung fu and open mind.
Jeremiah
Hi Jeremiah,
From my observations, goals and approaches to training chi sao differ widely from lineage to lineage. The "feeling" of chi sao vary even within individual classes; and those from different lineages may look and feel significantly different.
In the videos on our website, we are showing basic chi sao-- our expectation of what a person should be able to do after about 3 months of training. We look for fluidity, sensitivity, structure, and relaxation as a foundation; later, as someone starts learning Chum Kiu, turning, and stepping, we emphasize control, positioning, pressing, and distance changes.
If I am correct, you are from Sifu Moy Yat's lineage. And a common strain I have experienced throughout that lineage (through students of Sifu Moy himself, and those of Anthony Dandridge, Benny Meng, Sunny Tang, and a couple of others) is the emphasis on a stable horse, tui ma, control, and body hits. All in all, the feeling is very different from most of the people you would see from my Sifu's lineage. But that does not invalidate either one of our approaches, it just reflects diversity and the flexibility of the interpreation of a few core principles.
I think the greatest experience is, aftering gaining a solid foundation in your own school, to meet people from other WC/VT/WT schools with an empty cup. Their way of doing things can oftentimes help you understand what you are doing in your own school.
By analogy, you may know every last detail of your Toyota Corolla (and we rarely know every last detail) and drive it like a professional. It is good for its purpose (fuel economy, space efficient, etc). But get into an SUV-- which is good for a different purpose (offroad, better line of site)-- or a racer (speed, excellent turning)-- or a luxury car (comfort, safety)-- and you probably will not be able to drive it as well as your Corolla.
Escrito por John Kang a las December 9, 2003 05:16 AMthis was a very interesting article. i also agree with most of what you have said. to echo some others, it is indeed always interesting to hear someone elses approach and philosophy. i was surprised to see that someone on here had posted up the same lineage as me; im also from the Moy Yat family, Rob Burns is my sifu as well...that must be you, Roger? i wonder if that is the jeremiah i am thinking of?
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